Endnotes

1. During the 1980s, and in response to failure of legal repression to contain widespread dissent, the South African regime had come to rely on “low” intensity conflict stratagems inside and outside the country. This entailed the use of extra legal violence by surrogate forces such as RENAMO in Mozambique, UNITA in Angola and vigilante groups inside South Africa.

2. Both the ANC and the PAC had been officially recognised by the Organization for African Unity (OAU) in the 1980s.

3. This refers to the regime’s use of excessive methods against anti-apartheid resistors, such as covert assassinations, and the effects of internecine community violence in the form of civilian casualties.

4. The CODESA talks broke down as a result of the impasse in the talks, which was compounded by the massacre of residents in Boipatong, a township on the East Rand in the former province of Transvaal.

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